The role of project managers has evolved significantly since the 1980s. Back then, only engineers were considered for the role of project manager, with the belief that they needed to have a command of technology to make technical decisions. However, as projects grew in size and complexity, it became apparent that project managers did not necessarily need to be technical experts. Instead, they required an understanding of technology, with the real technical expertise residing with line managers.

Over time, project management has matured, with project managers transitioning from being technical managers to business managers. Today, the critical skills required for effective project management include knowledge of the business, risk management, and integration skills. Risk management is considered the most critical skill, but it requires a sound understanding of the business.

As projects become more complex, integration management becomes increasingly important, with project managers focusing more on integrating function plans into a total project plan. This is illustrated in Figure 4-4, which shows how project managers spent most of their time planning and replanning with their team in 1985, while today, their efforts are oriented towards integration management.

To train project managers, a combination of experiential learning, formal education, special courses, professional activities, seminars, and readings can be used. However, the focus should be on providing opportunities for project managers to gain practical experience on the job.

Some people believe that, with the increased risks and complexities of integration management, the project manager of the future will become an expert in damage control. As such, it is crucial for project managers to continually update their skills and knowledge to keep up with the ever-changing demands of project management in the 21st century.